小白菜奇案
2024-10-21 09:03:32
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案情简介
杨乃武与小白菜冤案 清同治十二年(公元1873年)十月,浙江省余杭县所在地余杭镇发生一起命案,豆腐店伙计葛品连暴病身亡。知县刘锡彤怀疑本县举人杨乃武诱奸葛品连之妻毕秀姑,毒毙葛品连,对杨乃武与毕秀姑重刑逼供,断结为“谋夫夺妇”罪,上报杭州府衙和浙江省署。杭州府与浙江省也照原拟断结,上报刑部。后经杨乃武之姐杨淑英二次京控,惊动朝廷中一批主持正义的官员,联名上诉。朝廷下旨,由刑部开棺验尸,才真相大白,冤案昭雪。
冤案背景
杨乃武,余杭人氏,居住余杭镇县前街澄清巷口。清同治十二年八月中了举人,时年33岁。他为人耿直,好管不平之事出有因,与余杭知县刘锡彤积怨颇深。 当时,镇上有一漂亮姑娘名叫毕秀姑,因常穿绿衣白裙,街坊唤她外号“小白菜”。她18岁那年与葛品连成亲,租住杨乃武家的后屋一间,两家相处和谐,毕秀姑常到杨家聊天吃饭,杨乃武教毕秀姑识字经。街坊中好事之徒便传言“羊(杨)吃小白菜”。葛品连心中怀疑,遂搬出杨家,移住太平弄口。
冤案开始
十月初七日,葛品连身发寒热,膝上红肿,毕秀姑劝他在家休息,葛品连不听,又去豆腐店帮工。初九日早晨回家时,畏寒发抖,喉中痰响,口吐白沫,至晚身死。至初十日夜间,尸身发变,口鼻有淡血水流出。其义母冯许氏怀疑他中毒。其母葛喻氏遂以其子死因不明,告之县衙,恳求相验。 知县刘锡彤素与杨乃武有隙,闻告后,怀疑杨乃武与毕秀姑谋毒,亲率衙役,仵作前往验尸。时正午刻,死者皮色淡青,肚腹有浮皮疹疱。仵作沈祥见口鼻内存血水流入眼耳,认作“七窍流血”,用银针探入咽喉有青黑物,认为服毒致死。刘锡彤将毕秀姑带回县署审问,供不知情。次日动刑逼供,一连三拶(挟手指的刑具),毕秀姑受刑不过,诬称与杨乃武私通,初五日授与砒毒,谋杀亲夫。 刘锡彤即传杨乃武对质。杨乃武不认,怒斥知县诬陷。因杨乃武是新科举人,不便动刑。刘锡彤遂申请上司请其举人斥革,然后对杨乃武动刑,杨被迫诬服。刘锡彤认为案情已明,就将验尸结果和审讯情况详报杭州府。
胡乱断案
杭州知府陈鲁听信知县之言,对杨乃武滥施酷刑。杨被迫混供。说是初三日以毒鼠为名,在仓前钱宝生药铺买红砒四十文,交葛毕氏。为补齐钱宝生卖砒的旁证材料,刘锡彤回余杭传讯钱宝生核查,钱宝生供称自己名唤钱坦,没有用过钱宝生的名字,爱仁堂是小药铺,没有卖过砒霜。县衙师爷陈湖对钱宝生威胁利诱,又请任县衙训导的仓前人章浚致函钱宝生,嘱其大胆承认,决不拖累,如不承认,有杨乃武供词为凭,要加重治罪。钱宝生才作了伪证,出具卖砒文书。 杭州知府陈鲁见三证已齐,上报浙江巡抚杨昌睿。杨昌睿认为案情确实,依原拟“谋夫夺妇”罪断结,上报刑部批复执行。
北上京控
杨乃武在狱中写下诉状,由胞姐杨淑英带出,会同其其妻詹彩凤,上京向都察院控告,结果被都察院押送回浙。第一次京控失败,杨淑英去找杨乃武在杭州的同学吴以同。当时吴以同在胡雪岩家任西席,正巧兵部右侍郎夏同善丁忧期满回京,途经杭州,胡雪岩为他饯行。席间,吴以同说及杨乃武之冤案,夏同善答应回京相机进言。
二上北京
九月,杨淑英与詹彩凤二上北京,夏同善介绍他们遍叩浙籍在京官员30余人,并向刑部投递冤状。夏同善又联络军机大臣翁同龢,把本案内情面陈两太后。清廷下谕,派礼部侍郎胡瑞澜(时兼任浙江学政)为钦差,在杭州复审。浙江巡抚扬昌睿调宁波知府边葆诚、嘉兴知县罗子森、候补知县顾德恒、龚心潼随同审理。审讯时,杨乃武与毕秀姑翻供,即用大刑,把杨乃武两腿夹折、毕秀姑十指拶脱。杨、毕两人在重刑之下,再度诬服。
重新审理
十月十八日,胡瑞澜将案情报刑部,刑部详细研究,发现情节多存不合,奏请朝廷。又令胡瑞澜重审,谕明不得用刑。杨乃武拼死翻供。证人钱宝生已病故,无法定之谳。 十二月,浙江士绅吴以同、汪树屏等三十余人联合上告,请求将人犯解京审讯,以释群疑。夏同善等京官多次在慈禧太后前为此案说话。朝廷下旨,责令杨昌睿将此案所有卷宗、人犯、证人、连同葛品连尸棺押运到京。刘锡彤也解任同行。
真相大白
光绪二年十二月,刑部大审,都察院、大理寺会审,杨乃武剖辩案发经过,否认通奸谋毒之事,毕秀姑口呼冤枉,照实直说。又审问尸亲及证人,提审门丁沈彩泉、仵作沈祥、爱仁堂药铺伙计等人,都供出真情。接着,开棺验尸,确属病死,并非中毒。蒙冤三年多的案件终于真相大白。
轰动结案
二月十六日,清廷下谕,革去刘锡彤余杭县知县职务,从重发往黑龙江赎罪。杭州知府陈鲁、宁波知府边葆诚、嘉兴知县罗子森、候补知县顾德恒、龚心潼、锡光草率定案,予以革职。侍郎胡瑞澜、巡抚杨昌睿玩忽人命,也予以革职.其他人员也以拟罪,仵作沈祥杖八十,徒二年.门丁沈彩泉杖一百,流放三千里.章浚革去训导之职.葛品连之母沈喻氏杖一百,徒四年.毕秀姑不避嫌疑,致招物议,杖八十.杨乃武不遵礼教,革去举人.陈湖因监毙、钱宝生病故,免去刑罚。 杨毕冤案历经三年又四个月,案情曲折,轰动朝野。杨乃武出狱后,以养蚕种桑为生,民国3年(1914)患疮疽不治而死,年74岁,墓在余杭镇西门外安山村。毕秀姑出狱后,在南门外石门塘准提庵为尼,法名慧定。民国10年(1920)圆寂,年76岁。